Lately, suspensions of several nanoparticles or nanocomposites have attained a vast field of application in biomedical research works in some specified conditions and clinical trials. main type of nanofluids. So, concise content about major biomedical applications of nanofluids in drug delivery systems, imaging, and antibacterial activities is presented in this paper. For example, applying magnetic nanofluid systems is an important route for targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia, and differential diagnosis. Also, nanofluids could be used as a potential antibacterial agent to overcome antibiotic resistance. This study could be useful for presenting the novel and applicable methods for success in current medical practice. and could occur in the absence of ROS production and oxidative stress. Therefore, they proposed a new theory around the MgO toxicity mechanism, comprising the damage of the cell membrane without lipid MDM2 Inhibitor peroxidation. The antibacterial activities of Cu and CuO NPs have been proved against a spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.85C88 The antibacterial activity depends on the size of NPs and the synthesis temperature of the nanoparticle. The smaller CuO NPs, the more antibacterial activity is usually achieved. The CuO NPs can path through the bacterial cell wall.88 It is imagined that these NPs bind to the cellular enzymes and block the vital activities of the cell.86,89 The CuO NPs have no significant cytotoxicity around MDM2 Inhibitor the HeLa cell lines.86 Thus, it seems that CuO NPs cannot inter eukaryotic cells via the cytoplasmic membrane. Silver and its compounds have been used for centuries for healing wounds and scalds, and disinfection of water. By the development of a new generation of antibiotics, the use of silver-based compounds has been limited. The introduction of nanotechnology in recent decades has drawn new attention to the antibacterial use of nano-sized silver.90 Due to the cytotoxicity MDM2 Inhibitor and environmental toxicity of silver nanomaterial, and its possible adverse effects, extensive research works have been conducted around the silver toxicity. Silver NPs have a board range of toxicity mechanisms, mainly the perturbation in mitochondrial function by altering mitochondrial membrane permeability. Moreover, metallic NPs induce inflammatory responses due to the production of ROS.91 Because of the broad range of toxicity mechanisms of silver, the emergence of resistant strains seems to be implausible.92 In addition, MDM2 Inhibitor platinum NPs have been recognized as CalDAG-GEFII a biocompatible and relatively less cytotoxic nanomaterial with versatile applications. The antibacterial activity of gold NPs is not related to the production of ROS. According to Cui et al,93 the antibacterial activity of platinum NPs is generally based on two mechanisms: inhibition of ATP synthesis by altering membrane potential and inhibition of tRNA binding to the ribosome. According to the above explanations, in biomedical application, it should be borne in mind that metallic NPs have few shortcomings like biocompatibility issues, stability, and proper excretion from the body. For metal and metallic oxide NPs, the solubility problems are also important. The release of metal ions of dissolved NPs, has a relation with the toxicity that been observed. The biological characteristics of NPs have significant correlations with their nature and structures. Therefore, concern of the changes in them such as surface modification and artificial control of size and shape, reduce their toxicity, and improve their biocompatibility. Composite Nanoparticles In various other studies, to make a mixed magnetic nanoparticle with improved colloidal balance and suitable antibacterial real estate, zinc oxide was coupled with iron oxide. The anti-bacterial performance of the NPs were examined on two types of bacterias; and and civilizations.87 Other Applications of Nanofluids Nanofluids in Wound Dressing Arising excessive infections in skin damage is common through the treatment; as a result, the necessity for an effective dressing is a lot required and important. Anghel et al98 in 2013, looked into the usage of iron nanofluid in wound dressing to avoid the colonization of and biofilm formation. The required nanoparticle was a combined mix of.